Hypertension Screening and Follow-up Management by Primary Health Care System among Chinese Population Aged 35 Years and Above / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To describe hypertension screening and follow-up management among Chinese population aged 35 years and above within the primary health care system.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Data from 2010 China Chronic Disease and Risk Factor Surveillance System were used. We investigated previous hypertension diagnosis, screening, and follow-up assessments within the primary health care system. The prevalence of self-reported and criterion-based hypertension, screening rates, demographic and socioeconomic characteristics associated with screening, and patterns of follow-up assessments were recorded. The SAS software system was used for statistical analyses.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>About 17.1% reported a previous hypertension diagnosis. The rate difference between the two measures of prevalence was 27.2%. Among those without self-reported hypertension, 27.7% reported never visiting a clinic during the past 1 year and 60.4% of those attending a clinic reported ever being screened. Younger age group was associated with lower screening proportion; odds ratios of 35-, 45-, 55-, and ⋝65 years were 1.7 (95% CI: 1.5-1.9), 1.5 (95% CI: 1.3-1.7), 1.3 (95% CI: 1.2-1.4), and 1.0, respectively. About 35.1% of the patients had undergone follow-up assessments four or more times during the past 1 year.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Majority of the Chinese population aged 35 years and above, particularly the less educated, elderly population, and rural residents were unaware of that they were suffering from hypertension. Most patients did not receive enough management services by the primary health care system. Thus, strengthening both the screening and follow-up management is needed.</p>

Dietary sodium intake and its impact factors in adults of Shandong province / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

Dietary sodium intake and its impact factors in 2 140 adults aged 18-69 years were analyzed. The mean daily sodium intake was 5745.0 (5427.6-6062.5) mg per day, which was higher in males than in females (P<0.01). After having been adjusted for gender, age and urban/city areas, the mean daily sodium intake was significantly higher in participants with a lower education level, drinkers and smokers than in those with a higher education level, nondrinkers and nonsmokers (P<0.01). The dietary sodium intake in adults of Shandong Province is higher than the recommended standards.

The status of awareness, treatment and control of hypertension in adult population in Shandong province in 2011 / 中华流行病学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To identify the status of awareness, treatment and control of hypertension in adult population in Shandong province in China.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 15 350 representative subjects aged 18 to 69 in Shandong province were selected with multistage stratified and clustered sampling design. Questionnaire investigation and physical examination including measurement of blood pressure, height and weight, were taken for all of them. The prevalence was estimated by weighted SURVEYFREQ model.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>In Shandong province, 34.5% of the hypertensive patients were aware of their high blood pressure (31.1% in male, 38.5% in female), 27.5% of them were taking antihypertensive medications (24.1% in male, 31.7% in female), and 14.9% of them (13.7% in male, 16.4% in female) were under control for their blood pressure (<140/90 mm Hg).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The rates of awareness, treatment and control of hypertension in adult hypertensive population in Shandong province, China were low, and it is urgently needed to take steps for intervention and control for hypertension prevention, particularly in rural areas.</p>

Status and trend of cardio-cerebral-vascular diseases mortality in China: data from national disease surveillance system between 2004 and 2008 / 中华心血管病杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To report the status and trend of cardio-cerebral-vascular disease (CCVD) mortality in China between 2004 and 2008.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The mortality data from population-based survey of National Disease Surveillance System in 2004 and 2008 were analyzed. This surveillance system is consisted of 161 disease surveillance points (DSPs) located in 31 provinces of China including 64 urban and 97 rural DSPs. The total population of surveillance is over 73 millions and accounted for around 6% of the whole population of China. CCVD included ischemic heart diseases (ICD-10: I05-I09, I11, I20-I27, I30-I52) and cerebral-vascular disease (ICD-10: I60-I69). The status and trend of cardiovascular disease (CVD), cerebral-vascular disease (CD), ischemic heart disease (IHD) and acute myocardial infarction (AMI) mortalities from 2004 to 2008 were analyzed by age, gender, and urban/rural regions.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The mortality of CCVD was higher in 2008 (229/100 000) than in 2004 (223.5/100 000), which was decreased in urban region (-11.7/100 000) while increased in rural region (+16.0/100 000). The mortality of CD decreased from 134.8/100 000 (2004) to 128.3/100 000 (2008). Mortality of IHD and AMI increased from 66.1/100 000 and 40.4/100 000 (2004) to 71/100 000 and 45.7/100 000 (2008), which remained stable in urban region (+0.98/100 000 and -1.96/100 000) while significantly increased in rural region (+6.7/100 000 and +9.2/100 000). The mortality rates for CVD, CD and AMI were higher in rural population than that in urban population. The age-standardized mortality rates of CVD, CD and IHD were lower in 2008 than in 2004. The mortality rates of CD and IHD decreased in 40-, 60-, and over 80 age groups (except for IHD) in 2008 than in 2004. However, IHD mortality was significantly higher in age of 80 and over group from 2004 to 2008. There were a net 5.5/100 000 increase, 6.4/100 000 decrease and 4.9/100 000 increase for CCVD, CD and IHD between 2004 and 2008. The mortality rate rise in CCVD was mainly due to the increased mortality of IHD and CD in rural population. The CCVD mortality increased with age and was significantly higher in male than in female population.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Despite decreased mortality in CD, CCVD mortality increased from 2004 to 2008, mainly due to the increased mortality of IHD and AMI in rural population. Enhanced CCVD primary and secondary prevention, particular for stressing on primary prevention, is necessary in China, especially in rural areas. Meanwhile, they will give the greatest contributions for a raise of the healthy life expectancy in China.</p>

A case-control study on the relations between insulin resistance and essential hypertension in YI NATIONALITY living in Liangshan, Sichuang Province / 中华预防医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To determine whether insulin resistance (IR) was associated with essential hypertension (EH) in YI nationality living in Liangshan, Sichuang Province.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A case-control study consisting of 113 YI hypertensives as cases and 156 YI normotensives as controls were conducted to investigate the level of fasting glucose (FG) and fasting insulin (FINS), and insulin resistance index was used as the indicator of IR.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>It was found that impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and IR were associated with EH significantly among YI migrants, and OR (95% CI) were 3.98 (2.14 approximately 7.42, P < 0.001) and 2.55 (1.35 approximately 4.83, P = 0.004) respectively. Being stratified by sex, both IFG and IR were associated with EH significantly among YI male migrant, and OR were 4.31 (2.01 approximately 9.24, P < 0.001) and 3.14 (1.45 approximately 6.82, P = 0.003) respectively; but only IFG was associated with EH significantly among YI female migrant and OR was 3.46 (1.17 approximately 10.22, P = 0.022). Among YI farmers, both IFG and IR were not associated with EH significantly. The non-conditional logistic regression analysis showed that IR was associated significantly with EH among YI migrants. This was not as same as observed in YI farmers.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>It is likely that IR is the risk factor of EH among YI migrants in our study. However, the association between IR and EH among YI farmers needs some further studies.</p>